His wife Hannah died in May 1849, and the shock of his wife's death weakened Gallatin even further. Despite overwhelming challenges, Gallatin was able to reduce the public debt by over $30 million by 1812. Gallatin County was created on September 14, 1812. He was also instrumental in obtaining a charter (government authorization) for the Bank of Pennsylvania which was created to help manage state finances. "Gallatin, Albert (1761-1849) In 1823 Gallatin returned to the United States. . Gallatin served for eight years under President Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826; served 1801–9; see entry in volume 1) and then for four more years under President James Madison (1751–1836; served 1809–17; see entry in volume 2). The Committee on Ways and Means retained its control over all taxes and revenue measures collected to pay the debts of the United States. In 1811 Congress refused to recharter the Bank of the United States, despite Gallatin’s objections, further undermining the currency. As the nation's first secretary of the treasury under President George Washingto…, William McKinley Statesman . In addition, he pursued a personal interest in Native American languages, culture, and history. At the age of eighty-seven, Gallatin experienced health problems and became bedridden. After Jefferson’s election as president in 1800, Gallatin naturally became secretary of the treasury, a post he held into the administration of James Madison, resigning in 1814. Gallatin established a system of regular financial reports to Congress and worked hard to reduce the national debt in order to secure the nation’s independence. Early Career. He was returned to office in 1791 and again in 1792 with uncontested elections. "Committee on Ways and Means, History." Treasury Secretary. In 1826, Gallatin accepted a one-year appointment from President John Quincy Adams and served as the American ambassador to Great Britain, returning from London in 1827. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Walters, Raymond, Jr. Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat. He married Hannah Nicholson in 1793, and they had two sons and three daughters. There he inaugurated the House Committee on Finance, which later grew into the powerful Ways and Means Committee. Although few people in his party supported the renewal of the national bank, he insisted that this institution, which had both public and private investors, could help stabilize the economy without harming the people of the United States. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Whiskey Rebellion, uprising against the liquor tax in Pennsylvania in 1794 that was militarily quelled, though no battle ensued. ." James Monroe During the summer of 1794, he urged all citizens to peacefully submit to the tax in order to restore law and order in the state. Appointed by the new president, Thomas Jefferson, in 1801, he needed to ensure that the economy flourished while following the dictates of his party, which insisted on less control by the federal government and the country’s financial elite. Gallatin served in the Pennsylvania state legislature from 1790 to 1792. Gallatin plunged into business and public life after emigrating to the New World at age 19. Quickly establishing a reputation for hard work and integrity, Gallatin became a skillful and logical orator. It is located about 30.6 miles northeast of the state capital of Nashville, Tennessee. He succeeded in settling many boundary disputes and negotiating many commercial treaties that served the nation well. L. B. Kuppenheimer, Albert Gallatin’s Vision of Democratic Stability (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996); Raymond Walters, Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat (New York: Macmillan, 1957). (December 21, 2020). Later the following year in October 1785, Gallatin took the oath of allegiance to the Commonwealth of Virginia and became an American citizen. List the name three important federal initiatives Gallatin was involved in . He served his adopted country for 60 years as a congressional leader, Secretary of the Treasury, financier, ambassador and has been referred to as America’s Swiss Founding Father. "Albert Gallatin 21 Dec. 2020 . Once in America, Gallatin took little part in the conflict, instead attempting to set up a trading business. ." Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Albert Gallatin was born into an aristocratic Swiss family, but gave up fortune and social position and emigrated to America in 1780, where he might "drink in a love for independence in the freest country of the … Most people know something about the first four presidents, and they’ve now learned a bit about Alexander Hamilton. At the same time he had his own vision of the future of the United States, which included federal aid for the economic development of the Trans-Appalachian West. He is known for being the founder of New York University and for serving in the Democratic-Republican Party at various federal elective and appointed positions across four decades. Albert Gallatin was born in Geneva, Switzerland, on Jan. 29, 1761. . Stevens, John A. Albert Gallatin. An open rebellion was growing against the federal excise tax that Congress had imposed on distilled spirits. Gallatin's public career ended with his final report relating to the Maine boundary dispute. The county seat is Shawneetown. In 1786 Gallatin bought a 400-acre farm in western Pennsylvania and devoted himself to farming and land development. Albert Gallatin, our 4th Secretary of the Treasury, was born on January 29, 1761 in Geneva, Switzerland.He emigrated to the United States and arrived in Boston in 1780, but didn’t stay there long before moving on to Machias in Maine. Pennsylvanians elected him to the U.S. Senate in 1793, but Gallatin was denied his seat, ostensibly because he had not been a U.S. citizen for nine years. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1958. By publishing a number of reports and pamphlets, Gallatin kept the public aware of his views and activities. However, when Gallatin took his Senate seat, the Federalists challenged his eligibility, based on the fact that he had not applied for citizenship early enough to meet technical citizenship requirements. He also sought to fund internal improvements to open up the western territories, including plans for $20 million worth of canals and roads connecting eastern rivers with the Mississippi. comptroller. ONE of the most beloved of American presidents, William McKinley served as the nation's chief executive during a time w…, Albert I of Monaco (Honoré Charles Grimaldi), https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gallatin-albert, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/albert-gallatin, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/gallatin-albert-1761-1849-0, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/gallatin-albert-1761-1849, Taxation, Public Finance, and Public Debt. Albert Gallatin was born on 12 January 1761 in the Swiss city of Geneva. The Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 ruined these plans as government revenues sank with the disruption of trade and expenses rose for waging war. By 1789, Gallatin had completed the rustic mansion which he called Friendship Hill. His opponents claimed Gallatin had not been an American citizen for the nine years required by the Constitution. He headed northward to Machias, Maine, where he hoped to sell his supplies to the local Native Americans, farmers, and soldiers stationed there. Gallatin also continued speculating in land and acquired 400 acres in western Pennsylvania overlooking the Monongahela River, where he built his home. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Encyclopedia of World Biography. On January 7, 1802, Congress officially created a permanent Committee on Ways and Means. He insisted upon a continuity of sound governmental fiscal policies when the Republican (Jeffersonian) Party assumed national political power, and he was instrumental in negotiating an end to the War of 1812. Omissions? That intersection is being improved with widening, sidewalks, and a new mast-arm traffic signal. But after 1807 the Embargo Act and other American efforts at peaceful coercion to avoid involvement in the Napoleonic Wars wrecked his policies. In order to pay his bills, Gallatin taught French as a resident tutor at Harvard College, but he continued searching for the means to earn his fortune. Aitken, Thomas. A student of the Indian tribes in North America, he founded the American Ethnological Society of New York (1842) and has sometimes been called the “father of American ethnology.”. His efforts were complicated by high military expenditures and the purchase of the Louisiana territory in 1803. “I think the most important thing in the book,” he said, “is the description in chapter 6 of why Gallatin and the other Republicans wanted to undo Hamilton’s system. Originally, it held power over both taxes and spending. "The ground which I occupied in that body [Congress] is well known, and I need not dwell on the share I took in all the important debates and on the great questions which during that period agitated the public mind....". assumed a major role in promoting the exploration and settlement of the western frontier. Albert Gallatin, in full Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin, (born Jan. 29, 1761, Geneva, Switz.—died Aug. 12, 1849, Astoria, N.Y., U.S.), fourth U.S. secretary of the Treasury (1801–14). US Congressman, Presidential Cabinet Secretary. ." He was bitterly denounced by Federalists in Congress, and, when the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed in 1798, Thomas Jefferson believed they were partly intended to drive Gallatin from office. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The Whiskey Rebellion resulted in the formation of a militia that attacked public offices in Pittsburgh as well as any government agents sent to collect the tax from local farmers. The sites below are just a sampling of what is available: Archiving Early America: The Whiskey Rebellion http://www.earlyamerica.com/milestone-events/whiskey-rebellion/ "The Whiskey Rebellion," in The History of Bedford and Somerset Counties, by E. Howard Blackburn and William H. Welfley. L. B. Kuppenheimer, Albert Gallatin’s Vision of Democratic Stability: An Interpretive Profile (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996); D. W. Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 2: Continental America, 1800–1867 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. RC (DLC); undated; addressed: “The President”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 26 Oct. received from the Treasury Department on the same day and “paimt of interest at Paris. He unsuccessfully supported renewal of the charter of the Second Bank of the United States, but he was instrumental in obtaining the resumption of specie payments after their suspension following the economic panic of 1837. “Drivers are making sure people are OK and not food insecure,” Dunham said. Albert Gallatin is considered one of the most influential men of the early American Republic, and one of the most prominent Swiss-Americans in U.S. history. Robert Morris was born in Liverpool, England. With Thomas Jefferson's presidency in 1800 and the triumph of the Republicans, Gallatin was named to head the Treasury Department. However, the War of 1812 with England again forced the nation to raise taxes and increase government borrowing. The Whiskey Rebellion (also known as the Whiskey Insurrection) was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the presidency of George Washington, ultimately under the command of American Revolutionary war veteran Major James McFarlane. This last effort earned him Federalist enmity after Gallatin became a congressman in 1795, as Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton saw it as meddling in his job. "Gallatin, Albert The following year, in 1824, Gallatin agreed to run as the vice presidential candidate on the Democratic-Republican ticket with the current secretary of the treasury, William H. Crawford (1772–1834). Gallatin made his political debut in September 1788 as a delegate from Fayette County to an anti-Federalist convention in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Paul W. Glad Also in 1831, Gallatin published Considerations on the Currency and Banking System of the United States. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Philadelphia: J. In 1788 he was elected as a delegate to a meeting to propose amendments to the new U.S. Constitution. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. As secretary of the Treasury, Gallatin stressed simplicity in government and termination of the public debt. Gallatin earned a reputation as an expert in the area of public finance, and he was considered an able spokesman for the small farms and businesses he represented. A militia is an organized military force, made up of citizens, that serves in times of emergency. New York: Vantage Press, 1985. American Eras. Ralph Ketcham Harry Ammon He served as American minister to France (1816-1823). In his last years Gallatin was prominent in cultural affairs. While still in Europe, Gallatin was appointed minister to France (served 1816–23), after which he returned to the United States, only to be embroiled in a bitter intraparty political struggle. Albert Gallatin’s thought about the idea of Manifest Destiny was: US should be superior.. Having a strong interest in education, Gallatin in 1830 helped found New York University. He became its most influential member. ." ." He brought his new bride, Sophie Allegre, to their wilderness home, but she died that fall after only a few months of marriage. Gallatin set out to survey and register their holdings in April 1784. Albert graduated in 1779; the following year, just weeks short of his nineteenth birthday, he boarded a ship for America in search of his fortune. (December 21, 2020). Because his candidacy created so much controversy, he dropped out of the race. ." His father was a prosperous merchant descended from an aristocratic family long politically prominent. Albert Gallatin: Early America's Swiss-Born Statesman. The most important of these was Pennsylvania state representative Albert Gallatin, whom Republican opponents of the Federalist Party in the Pennsylvania legislature had elected to the United States Senate in 1793. Biographer Nicholas Dungan states he was: "America's Swiss Founding Father." Merrill D. Peterson Western Politics . JAMES MADISON, was born on 16 March 1751 of a family that had been in Virginia since the mid-seventeenth century. Alexander I (1777–1825), the Russian tsar (national leader), had offered to help the discussions get started. The Life of Albert Gallatin. (December 21, 2020). Sketch of the Finances of the United States was published in 1796, and Views of the Public Debt, Receipts, and Expenditures was published in 1800. Gallatin's political talents and leadership skills showed at the convention and placed him in a prominent position within the new state. After serving briefly as minister to Great Britain (1826–27), he retired from public life and became president of the National (later the Gallatin) Bank in New York City (1831–39). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/albert-gallatin, "Albert Gallatin He published his findings in A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes within the United States East of the Rocky Mountains, and in the British and Russian Possessions of North America. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. The lack of a national bank made it difficult to raise the necessary loans and left the United States in a weak financial position. INAUGURATION day, 4 March 1817, was one of those rare late winter days in Washington with more than a hint of spring—sunny a…, Thomas Jefferson The declaration of war with Great Britain in 1812 shattered all of Gallatin’s most cherished schemes, for he felt war to be fatal to the nation’s prosperity and progress. Why is Marbury v. Madison an important decision in U.S. history? Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gallatin-albert. It was in public finance where he made his greatest contribution, however, ironically by promoting policies favored by the Federalists for both Pennsylvania and the nation. local militia's use of force. Gallatin.". Aitken, Thomas, Albert Gallatin: early America's Swiss-born statesman, New York: Vantage Press, 1985. Gallatin recommended that the First Bank of the United States be rechartered. In his retirement he also pursued an interest in Native Americans, writing and sponsoring a number of ethnographic works about various tribes. A reorganization in 1865 separated the Committee on Ways and Means into three parts, with one new branch becoming the Committee on Banking and Commerce and a second new branch becoming the Committee on Appropriations. Later, as secretary of the treasury, Gallatin Grasping at Russia’s proffered mediation of the war, he sailed for Europe in May 1813. In the winter of 1789, Gallatin was elected as a delegate to the Pennsylvania state convention, which rewrote the state constitution. Why is Albert Gallatin important to US history? Shaping of America, 1783-1815 Reference Library. In 1818 he joined Richard Rush in London to work out a treaty extending earlier commercial agreements, securing American fishing rights off Newfoundland, drawing the northern boundary between Canada and the United States at the 49th parallel, and leaving the Oregon Territory open for joint occupation. "Gallatin, Albert Need for Federal Programs . C- Albert Gallatin convinced Jefferson to sign the Alien & Sedition Act. Still, Gallatin’s 1808 plan anticipated such aspects of the Transportation Revolution as the Erie Canal, which facilitated the economic development and American settlement of the Trans-Appalachian West. He also kept an interest in foreign affairs. He became president of New York University's council in 1830. Why are they doing construction at N. Water/Dobbins Pike/Albert Gallatin? In the early American period, it was a common means of gaining wealth. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Gallatin's role in settling the Whiskey Rebellion earned him the gratitude from the citizens of western Pennsylvania. . He held this position longer than had any other secretary of the Treasury, serving from 1801 to 1814. Encyclopedia.com. Gallatin died in 1849 in Astoria, New York. The House first created a Committee on Ways and Means on July 24, 1789, during its opening session, but it was disbanded after only two months. Albert Gallatin, by Rembrandt Peale, from life, 1805. Albert Gallatin was a Swiss-American politician, diplomat, ethnologist and linguist. Albert Gallatin was the fourth U.S. secretary of the treasury, serving from 1801 until 1814. Gallatin spent his remaining years as a diplomat, banker, and ethnologist. Adams, Henry, Albert Gallatin, New York: Chelsea House, 1983. 8. Encyclopedia.com. by the same analogy : for TJ’s inclusion in the instructions of some of Gallatin’s geographical queries, see the notes to Document IV . Albert Gallatin was the fourth U.S. secretary of the treasury, serving from 1801 until 1814. Young Albert became orphaned at the age of nine and was sent to live with a distant relative, Catherine Picket. 21 Dec. 2020 . The war dealt the final blow to Gallatin's financial system. Using your favorite search engine, type whiskey rebellion as the search term and explore the many different websites. Gallatin’s specific plan was never carried out though the nation’s transportation system did develop through partnerships between federal and state governments on the one hand and private firms on the other. He was not successful as a pioneer or a land speculator, although he became deeply identified with the interests of western settlers as he began a career in politics. Settling in Pennsylvania, he became a mainstay of the anti-Federalists (and, later, the Jeffersonian Republicans) in that area and in 1795 was elected to the House of Representatives. When Great Britain rejected this offer, Madison appointed Gallatin to the commission to negotiate directly with Britain. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/gallatin-albert-1761-1849-0. Pennsylvania. Explanation: Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin was a Genevan-American politician who served as a Secretary of the Treasury in United States of America.He was also a linguist and diplomat. Gallatin served in this capacity until 1823. B. Lippincott, 1879. During Albert's time at the Academy, his natural abilities and intelligence were recognized by several renowned scholars. From this position of power, Gallatin once again focused on reducing the public debt. Encyclopedia.com. As the third secretary of the treasury, Albert Gallatin faced many obstacles. The couple would have two sons and four daughters. When Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war, the national debt was higher than ever. He supported the founding of a state bank, greater control over the currency, retirement of public debt, and greater accountability of the Treasury Department to the legislature. His greatest contribution came in the field of public finance. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Gallatin returned to Boston in the fall of 1781 with little to show for his economic pursuits and his year on the road. Historian Henry Adams labeled the Treaty of Ghent "the special and peculiar triumph of Mr. Political Origins . After eight years as one of the most influential figures in Shortly after he returned in 1823 Gallatin was chosen to run as William Crawford’s vice president in the 1824 election. Tradesm…, Morris, Robert (1734-1806) He opposed the Federalists' warlike measures against France and, when the Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) to silence domestic political opposition, he resisted with powerful arguments defending basic civil liberties. During his final years, Gallatin served as president of the New York Historical Society. A young man of the age of the Enlightenment, he was sympathetic to the American Revolution and sailed for America in 1780, happy to be in "the freest country in the universe.". His A Sketch of the Finances of the United States (1796), a moderate, detailed analysis of the Federalist financial program, argued that a public debt was a public curse. Adams, not much given to praise, rated him as the leading negotiator on both sides. . Gallatin County is a county located in the state of Illinois. A good biography of Gallatin is Raymond Walters, Jr., Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat (1957), though the older study by Henry Adams, The Life of Albert Gallatin (1879), remains useful. Hamilton was proud of that system. Settling in New York, Gallatin served as president of the National Bank from 1831 until his retirement in 1839. He entered the House of Representatives in 1795 and became the most knowledgeable Republican on public finance. Encyclopedia.com. He hoped to connect all Americans to the market system while maintaining a national unity that would overcome local and sectional disputes. against greed and racism that followed the peace with Mexico among the U.S. settlers moving into the Southwest. Distraught, Gallatin considered returning to Geneva. The men purchased 120,000 acres of land along the Ohio River in Virginia, which at that time extended far to the west past the Appalachians, and Pennsylvania. United States Department of the Treasury.http://www.treas.gov/offices/management/curator/collection (accessed on August 13, 2005). He took an oath of allegiance to the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1785. A native of Switzerland, Gallatin began life in his adopted country as a land speculator and farmer. D- He instituted an increased police presence to enforce the Sedition Acts. In Pennsylvania he urged changes to the penal code, the establishment of a public-school system, and the abolition of slavery. . Transportation Visionary . So Gallatin and the other commissioners arrived in St. Petersburg, Russia, to put an end to the war. IF YOU WANT TO HELP: For information about how to donate to Albert Gallatin Human Services Agency, please call 724-583-7822. Gallatin served as U.S. ambassador to France and to England before ending a public career that lasted almost four decades. Gallatin supported and secured the financing for the Louisiana Purchase and called for some federal support for improving roads into western lands and opening up the means for getting produce to markets. He held the office longer than any other person in U.S. history, and he became one of the most influential men of the early American republic. He had outlived many of his colleagues from the early days of the American republic. Albert Gallatin and James Madison worked to reestablish a legislative finance committee to monitor government taxes and spending. We understand that this is a difficult time and that some individuals may need additional support during this period. A test for the new U.S. government, it was a triumph for national authority over its first rebellious adversary, winning the support of state governments in enforcing federal law. 311–352. He sold Friendship Hill to a Frenchman whom he had met in Paris. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. However, the turmoil caused by the growing French Revolution in his native city and his heavy investments in frontier real estate kept Gallatin in America. Gallatin laid the foundation for sound governmental fiscal (economic) policies that would guide the young nation for years to come. Gallatin found many things had changed during his absence from western Pennsylvania. 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